The Postgres trigger uses polling. It doesn’t react to events from the database (that would work with Postgres triggers and N8N webhooks), but instead it checks regularly if there are new rows in the table.
When you run the trigger with the test workflow, it keeps sending SELECT queries and waits for new entries. So, click Test Workflow directly on the Postgres trigger, then do an insert. It’s also a good idea to pin the data (see example). The data from the new entry will then be available in payload.