I have a couple of questions about what you described (maybe more about the way you said it).
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When you say you “switched the webhook to “test” mode,” do you mean you toggled the display in the node dialog from production to test? Just want to be sure you understand that doesn’t do anything but show you the 2 different forms of the URL. You must activate the workflow to make the production URL available.
Use this to turn the production URL on…

Not this…

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When you say you are using n8n “in portainer,” do you mean you have created the docker container via portainer instead of using
docker runordocker composefrom the command line? Either way, it’s actually docker running n8n. Portainer is mostly just an alternative way to manage (start/stop/etc) docker containers.