n8nās Google Sheets node does not allow this kind of filtering I am afraid. So you would need to think about alternatives here I am afraid.
If your current n8n instance does not come with sufficient memory to process 5,000 records in a single execution you could consider switching to a more capable database supporting the kind of filtering you need. PostgreSQL would for example let you write filters checking if a field value is within a range or if a string value is part of an array you provide.
If switching away from Google Sheets is not an option in your case you could alternatively consider adding new columns with a formula performing the check you have in mind. Then return a single value depending on the outcome which can be used in the respective n8n node.
Consider for example a formula like =TEXT(A2,"MMMM"). This would allow you to easily fetch all records in n8n for September like so: