Hey @Zolushka,
I did notice you installed the the sqlite lib which is handy but for some reason as your test has hightlighted when trying to install sqlite3 as an npm package it is failing. This is the GitHub issue I found when looking up your error: Sqlite3 not install · Issue #1511 · termux/termux-app · GitHub it could be that I have missed something in that thread but for now I would suggest chatting to the Termux team as your error exists outside of n8n and I am out of ideas 
It could be that something in Termux has changed or a change in the Node SQLite package has changed and it no longer supports Termux for some odd reason. From what I understand though Termux is not a full Linux system and is just emulation so with that and running it on a Mobile device I suspect there will be more issues if you do manage to get it installed.
Have you tried using the desktop version if you have access to a computer? That may be a good way to get started.